Viruses, how they are contracted and their effects

*Viruses, how they are contracted and their effects*
Agent	Natural Source	Other food or drink vectors	Incubation period	Typical patient	Symptoms and signs	Estimated annual number of cases in US (1994-97)	Estimated annual number of deaths in US
Salmonella	Chickens, eggs, ducks, turkeys	Many prepared foods notably cooked meats, bean sprouts	18 hrs - 2 days	Anyone, especially the very young and old	Diarrhea, abdominal pains	2-4 million	400
Campylobacter spp	Poultry meat, unpasteur- ised milk	Water	5-7 days	Particularly young healthy adults. Immunity can develop	Bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain	2-4 million	120-360
Listeria monocytogenes	Soil, animal manure, water	Chilled and processed foods, soft crusted cheeses, cooked chicken, pate, salamis, recipe (cook-chilli) meals, also salads	5 days - 5 weeks	Pregnant women, elderly, immuno- compromised, also some young healthy adults	Flu-like illness in pregnancy, stillbirth, septicemia. Few gut symptoms	1600	415
E. coli	Cattle	Burgers, sausages	? days	Children	Enteritis, kidney failure	25,000	100
Bacillus cereus	Widely in environment	Take-out fried rice	6 - 18 hrs	Anyone	Diarrhea, abdominal pain	3000	1
Clostridium botulinum	Soil, vegetables, fish	Defective canned items of vegetables or fish, processed meat and vegetables	12 - 18 hrs	Anyone	Progressive paralysis of motor nerves	30-50	2
Clostridium perfringens	Intestines of mammals, including man	Stews, minces, anaerobic food	12 - 24 hrs	Anyone	Diarrhea, abdominal pain	10,000	1
Staphylococcus aureus	Noses, groins, intestines of mammals including man, birds	Cream cooked meats, custards, moist processed foods	1 - 3 hrs	Anyone	Vomiting, sometimes severe, with blood	10,000	2